Solar Module
A solar module — commonly called a solar panel — is the fundamental building block of a solar PV system. It consists of multiple solar cells (typically 60, 72, or 96 cells) encapsulated in a weatherproof sandwich of tempered glass, encapsulant (EVA or POE), solar cells, rear backsheet (or glass for bifacial), and an aluminum frame.
Each solar cell is a semiconductor device that directly converts sunlight to DC electricity via the photovoltaic effect. When cells are wired together in a module and sealed against the environment, they form a durable, long-lasting unit rated in watts of DC power output under Standard Test Conditions.
Module Power Ratings
Module power ratings have increased dramatically over the past decade:
- 2010 standard: 200–250W
- 2015 standard: 260–300W
- 2020 standard: 350–400W
- 2024 standard: 400–600W (mainstream residential/commercial), 600–700W (utility-scale jumbo modules)
Higher power modules reduce installation costs by decreasing the number of panels, mounting hardware pieces, and wiring connections for a given system capacity.
Module Standards and Certifications
All grid-connected solar modules must meet electrical and safety standards:
- IEC 61215: Crystalline silicon module design qualification and type approval
- IEC 61730: Module safety qualification
- UL 1703 / UL 61730: US safety certification
- ISO 9001: Quality management certification (manufacturer)
These standards cover electrical performance, mechanical durability, fire resistance, and electrical safety.